French Indochina (L'Indochine française ) was part of the French colonial empire in southeast Asia. A federation of the three Vietnamese regions,Tonkin (North), Annam (Central), andCochinchina (South), as well as Cambodia, was formed in 1887.
Laos was added in 1893 and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan (Guangzhouwan) in 1900. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) toHanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939 until 1945, when it moved back to Hanoi. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by Vichy France and was under Japanese supervision until a brief period of full Japanese control between March and August 1945.Beginning in May 1941, the Viet Minh, a communist army led by Ho Chi Minh, began a revolt against French rule known as the First Indochina War.
In Saigon, the anti-Communist State of Vietnam, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, was granted independence in 1949. Following the Geneva Accord of 1954, the Viet Minh became the government of North Vietnam, although the Bảo Đại government continued to rule in South Vietnam.
France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; protecting the work of theParis Foreign Missions Society in the country was often presented as a justification. For its part, the Nguyễn Dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat; courtesans, for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy.
In 1858, the brief period of unification under the Nguyễn Dynasty ended with a successful attack on Da Nang by French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly under the orders of Napoleon III. Diplomat Charles de Montigny's mission having failed, Genouilly's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries. His orders were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith.[2] In September, fourteen French gunships, 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish,[3] attacked the port of Tourane (present day Da Nang), causing significant damage and occupying the city. After a few months, Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses.[2]
Sailing south, De Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 18 February 1859. On 13 April 1862, the Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three provinces of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường to France. De Genouilly was criticized for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November, 1859, with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam, but refrain from territorial gains.[2] However, French policy four years later saw a reversal; French territory in Viet Nam continued to accumulate. In 1862, France obtained concessions from Emperor Tự Đức, ceding three treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin, and all ofCochinchina, the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864. In 1867 the provinces of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and Vĩnh Long were added to French-controlled territory.
In 1863, the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867, Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzeraintyover Cambodia and officially recognized the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906).
Establishment of French Indochina
Vietnamese rebellions
French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid-1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region. From 1885 to 1895, Phan Đình Phùng led a rebellion against the colonizing power. Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after World War I, but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain any concessions from the French overseers.
Franco-Siamese war (1893)
Main article: Franco-Siamese War of 1893
Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco-Siamese War of 1893. In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by thePaknam naval incident, to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River. King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British, but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai-speakingShan region of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede Laos to France.
Further encroachments on Siam (1904–1907)
The French, however, continued to pressure Siam, and in 1906–1907 they manufactured another crisis. This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong oppositeLuang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied the western part of Chantaburi. In 1904, in order to get back Chantaburi Siam had to give Trat to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on March 23, 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang, Siam Nakhon and Sisophon.
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In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under the Front Populaire administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat,Angkor Thom, Siam Reap, Siam Pang and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam. Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces.
Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang
On 10 February 1930, there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army'sYen Bai garrison. The Yên Bái mutiny was sponsored by the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng(VNQDD). The VNQDD was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the Can Vuong monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century. The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority. The VNQDD had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam.
French-Thai War (1940–1941)
Main article: French-Thai War
During World War II, Thailand took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the French-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. The Thai forces generally did well on the ground, but Thai objectives in the war were limited. In January, Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Koh Chang. The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese, with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand.
Population
The Vietnamese, Lao and Khmer ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony's populations. Minority groups such as the Muong, Tay, Chams, and Jarai, were collectively known as Montagnards and resided principally in the mountain regions of Indochina. Ethnic Han Chinese were largely concentrated in major cities, especially in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce. Around 95% of French Indochina's population was rural in a 1913 estimate, although urbanization did slowly grow over the course of French rule.
The principal religion in French Indochina was Buddhism, with Mahayana Buddhisminfluenced by Confucianism more dominant in Vietnam, while Theravada Buddhism was more widespread in Laos and Cambodia. In addition, active Catholic missionaries were widespread throughout Indochina and roughly 10% of Tonkin's population identified as Catholic by the end of French rule. Cao Dai's origins began during this period as well.
Unlike Algeria, French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale. By 1940, only about 34,000 French civilians lived in French Indochina, along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers. The principal reasons why French settlement didn't grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa (which had a population of over 1 million French civilians) were because French Indochina was seen as acolonie d'exploitation économique (economic colony) rather than a colonie de peuplement (settlement colony helping Metropolitan France from being overpopulated), and because Indochina was distant from France itself.
During French colonial rule, the French languagewas the principal language of education, government, trade, and media and French was widely introduced to the general population. French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated. This was most notable in the colonies of Tonkin and Cochinchina (Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively), where French influence was most heavy, while Annam, Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education. Despite the dominance of French, local populations still largely spoke their native languages. After French rule ended, the French language was still largely used among the new governments (with the exception of North Vietnam) but since then English, increasingly teached in schools across the country, has massively replaced French as the second language. Today, less than 0.5% of the population of Vietnam can speak French.
Economy
French Indochina was designated as a colonie d'exploitation (colony of economic interests) by the French government. Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near monopoly on the trade of opium, salt and rice alcohol. The trade of those three products formed about 44% of the colonial government's budget in 1920 but declined to 20% by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify. The colony's principal bank was the Banque de l'Indochine, established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony's currency, the Indochinese piastre. Indochina was the second most invested-in French colony by 1940 after Algeria, with investments totaling up to 6.7 million francs.
Beginning in the 1930s, France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony. Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin (encompassing modern-day Vietnam) became a source of tea, rice, coffee, pepper, coal, zinc and tin while Cambodia became a center for rice and pepper crops. Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony, although timber was harvested at a small scale from there.
At the turn of the 20th century, the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the rubber industry in French indochina, and plantations were built throughout the colony, especially in Annam and Cochinchina. France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialized world. The success of rubber plantations in French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms such as Michelin. With the growing number of investments in the colony's mines and rubber, tea and coffee plantations, French Indochina began to industrialize as factories opened in the colony. These new factories produced textiles, cigarettes, beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire.
Infrastructure
When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France, the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony. Saigonbecame a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivaled the British port of Singapore as the region's busiest commercial center. In fact, by 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire. In 1936, the Trans-Indochinois railway linking Hanoi and Saigon opened. Further improvements in the colony's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina. By 1939, it took no more than a month by ship to travel from Marseille to Saigon and around five days by airplane from Paris to Saigon. Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921.
French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form ofBeaux-Arts and added French-influenced landmarks such as the Hanoi Opera House and Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica. The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns. The most notable examples include Da Lat in southern Vietnam and Pakse in Laos.
World War II
Main article: Vietnam in World War II
In September 1940, during World War II, the newly created regime of Vichy Francegranted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, which lasted until the end of the Pacific War. This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai-shek, but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over theGreater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the French-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941.
On 9 March 1945, with France liberated, Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan decided to take complete control of Indochina. On 8 April, the Japanese pressured Lao Crown Prince Savang Vatthana to declare the independence of Laos, then launched the Second French Indochina Campaign. The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came through in August.
First Indochina War
Main article: First Indochina War
After the war, France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco-Siamese Treatyand attempted to reassert itself in the region, but came into conflict with the Viet Minh, a coalition of Communist and Vietnamese nationalists under French-educated dissidentHo Chi Minh. During World War II, the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945.
American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell, privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina, (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek the entire Indochina to be put under Chinese rule. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!".
After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under GeneralLu Han sent by Chiang Kai-shek invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces, and remained there until 1946. The Chinese used theVNQDD, the Vietnamese branch of the ChineseKuomintang, to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents.[8] Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement, and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946.
After persuading Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate in his favour, on September 2, 1945 President Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. But before September's end, a force of British and French soldiers, along with captured Japanese troops, restored French control. Bitter fighting ensued in the First Indochina War. In 1950 Ho again declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was recognized by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union. Fighting lasted until May 1954, when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
Geneva Agreements
On 27 April 1954, the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France. Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw, they mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.[1] It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula. The United States and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed. South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords. France did withdraw, turning the north over to the Communists while the Bao Dai regime, with American support, kept control of the South.
The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954, but were both drawn into the Vietnam War.
-VIEW:Photos d'Indochine_L'Indochine en 1930 / 1940
L'INDOCHINE 1906 - CARTE ÉCONOMIQUE DE EXTRÊM - ORIENT
Bản đồ Kinh tế vùng Viễn Đông:
-VIEW:Toàn quyền Đông Dương Alexandre Varenne (1925 đến 1928)_flickr photos.
-VIEW :L'Indochine encyclopédie par l'image_pdf
-VIDEO:Histoire du Vietnam_(on Vimeo).
(1 sur 6) La perle de l’empire +
(2 sur 6)La guerre oubliée 1945-1952 +
(3 sur 6)Dien Bien Phu-1953-1954+
(4 sur 6)Oncle Sam contre Oncle Ho 1954-1967+
(5 sur 6)En direct de Saigon 1967-1970+
(6 sur 6)Adieu Saigon-1970-1975.
-VIEW :Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954)_pdf.
-VIDEO :** 🌸 ** SAIGON, tháng 11 năm 1945 ** 🌼 **
-VIEW :
Indochine Coloniale
-La France au temps des colonies par Alain Decaux :
-VIDEO :La France au temps des colonies par Alain Decaux
Expansion of French Indochina (in blue).
- Indochina War: the Battle for Tonkin - ECPAD :_Combat footages of the Indochina War in 1951 -- 1952. From the ECPAD, the French military media service.
Glory to these men from the French Far East Expeditionary Corps
!
The subdivisions of French Indochina
-VIEW:l' Indochine Coloniale
- Problèmes en Extrême Orient (1953)
-L'indochine Française ( Vietnam - Laos - Cambodge ):
Musée Louis Finot in Hanoi, built by Ernest Hébrard in 1932, now National Museum of Vietnamese History
La rue Paul-Bert à Hanoï avec le théâtre municipal, vers 1905 (now is phố Tràng Tiền.)
La rue Paul-Bert à Hanoï avec le théâtre municipal, vers 1905 (now is phố Tràng Tiền.)
Dong Xuan market during the French period, with the French name "Les Halles".
-VIDEO :La petite Tonkinoise
Japanese_troops_entering_Saigon_in_1941
A Japanese naval warrant officer surrenders his sword to Sub Lieutenant Anthony Martin in a ceremony in Saigon.(SEP_1945)
bill from Bank of Indochina. Note that Indochina ceased to exist in 1954 and was succeeded by Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
A 100 piastres sample note of 1954.
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Scenes Of Indo-China - Hanoi 1931 :
-VIDEO : Indochine Coloniale by moko21
-VIDEO :L'armée Coloniale by moko21
Des photographies de 1885 d'une qualité exceptionnelle pour cette chanson de 1906, connue d'au moins quatre générations...
-VIDEO : La bataille du Tonkin
Les assauts répétés du Viêt-minh qui font rage au Tonkin en octobre 1950, menacent Hanoï, la capitale. Devant la gravité de la situation, le général de Lattre, haut-commissaire et commandant en chef en Extrême-Orient, est envoyé en décembre 1950 en Indochine. En un mois, il rétablit la situation en rassemblant des forces neuves, en redonnant le moral au corps expéditionnaire, en remportant la bataille de Vinh Yen (janvier 1951), et en convainquant les alliés anglo-américains d'aider la France à défendre le Viêtnam. Le général Lawton-Collins, chef d'état-major de l'armée américaine, rend visite au maréchal et lui prouve son soutien en faisant livrer du matériel.
Les combats durent toute l'année 1951 dans les secteurs de Dong-Trieu, de Mao-Khê en mars, de Phuly-Nam-Dinh en juin puis de Hoa-Binh en novembre.
Le fils du général de Lattre tombe dans ces combats, et le général lui-même meurt quelques temps après.
Les images de la bataille du Tonkin défilent sans commentaire, soutenues par la musique de Wagner, qui intensifie le drame des événements. Les tirs de canons et de chars, les bombardements, la progression des soldats à travers les marécages, les parachutages, le débarquement des troupes (depuis des LCT), illustrent le combat, qui se solde par des prisonniers vietnamiens, des blessés, des morts, des incendies.
Puis, le commentateur explique qu'après la défaite de l'ennemi, les troupes des regroupements administratifs mobiles doivent désormais rétablir la paix, protéger et soigner la population, permettre la reprise des activités agricoles, principalement la culture du riz, et la reconstruction du pays.
La cérémonie des honneurs, en présence du général Salan et d'officiers français, illustre la continuité de l'oeuvre du général de Lattre. Levés par ce dernier, les jeunes soldats de la nouvelle armée vietnamienne, sur lesquels reposent désormais l'avenir et la défense du pays, participent à cette manifestation.
Les combats durent toute l'année 1951 dans les secteurs de Dong-Trieu, de Mao-Khê en mars, de Phuly-Nam-Dinh en juin puis de Hoa-Binh en novembre.
Le fils du général de Lattre tombe dans ces combats, et le général lui-même meurt quelques temps après.
Les images de la bataille du Tonkin défilent sans commentaire, soutenues par la musique de Wagner, qui intensifie le drame des événements. Les tirs de canons et de chars, les bombardements, la progression des soldats à travers les marécages, les parachutages, le débarquement des troupes (depuis des LCT), illustrent le combat, qui se solde par des prisonniers vietnamiens, des blessés, des morts, des incendies.
Puis, le commentateur explique qu'après la défaite de l'ennemi, les troupes des regroupements administratifs mobiles doivent désormais rétablir la paix, protéger et soigner la population, permettre la reprise des activités agricoles, principalement la culture du riz, et la reconstruction du pays.
La cérémonie des honneurs, en présence du général Salan et d'officiers français, illustre la continuité de l'oeuvre du général de Lattre. Levés par ce dernier, les jeunes soldats de la nouvelle armée vietnamienne, sur lesquels reposent désormais l'avenir et la défense du pays, participent à cette manifestation.
Indochina War: the Battle for Tonkin - ECPAD :
-VIDEO : La Légion Etrangère en Indochine
« La Légion Étrangère a payé un lourd tribut pour la défense et la pacification de l'Indochine. Ce documentaire de la chaine franco-allemande ARTE retrace leur épopée en Extrême-Orient au travers des souvenirs d'anciens Légionnaires allemands. »
" French Foreign Legion paid a heavy tribute for the defense and the pacification of Indochina. This documentary from the german and french channel ARTE redraw its action in Far-East through memories of former german Legionnaries. "
" French Foreign Legion paid a heavy tribute for the defense and the pacification of Indochina. This documentary from the german and french channel ARTE redraw its action in Far-East through memories of former german Legionnaries. "
-VIDEO:L’INDOCHINE DANS LES FONDS CINÉMATOGRAPHIQUES DE L’ECPAD_1917_À l’armée d’Orient – Ljaskoviki.En .
En complément du portfolio est proposé un montage d’extraits de dix films issus des fonds dits « première guerre mondiale », « Indochine » et « privés ». Ce regard croisé dans différentes collections permet d’appréhender, à travers trois chapitres chronologiques, la richesse des fonds cinématographiques sur l’histoire militaire coloniale de la France en Indochine.
Le premier chapitre, « Les tirailleurs indochinois dans la Grande Guerre », propose trois extraits qui illustrent la participation des Indochinois à la première guerre mondiale, à la fois sur le front et dans des camps à l’arrière où vie quotidienne, entraînement et distraction sont dépeints.
Le deuxième volet, consacré à « L’Indochine des années 1920 », présente deux extraits de films à caractère touristique, probablement commandés par le gouvernement général de l’Indochine. Un long travelling avec une caméra embarquée dans le tramway d’Hanoï promène le spectateur dans les rues de la ville. Puis on découvre la station climatique de Tam Dao, très prisée des colons. Enfin, l’arrivée du courrier à Saïgon offre de belles vues où se pressent colons, et militaires. Une restauration des copies teintées découvertes récemment de ces deux films a été réalisée en 2013 et elles sont présentées pour la première fois lors d’un ciné-concert dans le cycle « Indochine Now » le 27 novembre 2013 au musée de l’Armée. D’après les recherches menées, ces films auraient été commandités par le Gouvernement général de l’Indochine.
Les extraits composant le troisième chapitre, « La guerre d’Indochine », mettent en relief la variété et la complémentarité des sources cinématographiques disponibles. Le retour de la France en Indochine avec l’arrivée du 5e régiment d’infanterie coloniale et du général Leclerc à Saigon est un triomphe dans les actualités filmées de l’armée Magazine du SCA no 20. Un film de propagande vietnamien propose une reconstitution de l’insurrection du Viêt-minh du 19 décembre 1946 à Hanoï, qui marque le réel début de la guerre d’Indochine entre la France et le Viêt-minh. Le Service cinématographique des armées (SCA), qui ne filme pas ces évènements, témoigne des destructions dans la ville et des évacuations de civils, quelques jours plus tard, dans le rush Opérations militaires de nettoyage après le clash d’ Hanoï. Enfin, les images en couleur du film amateur consacré au 1er bataillon étranger de parachutistes lors de l’opération Castor à Diên Biên Phu offrent un intéressant contrepoint aux films du SCA sur le même événement, tout en croisant plusieurs genres (film militaire, film touristique, film ethnographique).
-VIDEO : Cao Bang, les soldats sacrifiés d'Indochine
Octobre 1950. Episode clé de la guerre d'Indochine, Cao Bang est la première grande défaite d'un pays colonisateur face à une armée de libération nationale, un «désastre» qui porte les germes de l'effondrement de l'empire colonial français. Bâti autour des témoignages inédits des rares soldats rescapés, ce document retrace le parcours de ces jeunes hommes en quête d'aventure et d'exotisme, engagés dans une guerre que beaucoup croyaient romantique. Replongeant dans leurs souvenirs, ils évoquent les événements qui ont conduit à la défaite française et révèlent un épisode de ce conflit passé sous silence par les états-majors, le gouvernement et les médias.
-VIDEO :Nos soldats perdus en Indochine
De 1945 à 1954, plusieurs centaines de milliers d'hommes ont combattu en Indochine sous les couleurs françaises. Leurs correspondances personnelles, seul lien avec leurs proches, donnent aujourd'hui une vision renouvelée de cette guerre. Ces fils, ces fiancés, ces maris, ces frères confient leurs impressions, leurs sentiments, leurs désillusions. Parmi eux, le lieutenant Lucien Le Boudec, ancien résistant, avait emporté une caméra amateur jusqu'à Diên Biên Phu et livre, en plus de ses lettres, des images exclusives. L'aspirant Yves Arbellot, les lieutenants Chaumont Guitry et de Lattre de Tassigny, tous trois morts pour la France en Indochine, ont eux aussi livré une abondante correspondance, tout comme Pierre-Alban Thomas, officier militant communiste, qui dévoile ses carnets.
-VIDEO : Forgotten soldiers of Indochina -1946 1954
-VIEW :-Les images d'autrefois du Vietnam
-VIDEO :Histoire de l'Indochine et du Cambodge en particulier.Histoire Cartographique de L'Asie du Sud-Est en general et du Cambodge en particulier.
-VIDEO :Vietnam - La perle de l'Empire
- ALBUM :Indochine - Vietnam (VN during French colonial time)_flickr Photos_(67 albums).
-VIEW :Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954)_pdf. by Christopher E. Goscha.
-VIDEO :Histoire du Vietnam
-VIEW : Aventure en Indochine(1946-1954) [France 3]
INDOCHINA: The partition at Geneva 1954:
1956 Last French Parade In Saigon
- Quân viễn chinh Pháp diễn binh lần cuối trên đường phố Saigon (tại Công trường Chiến Sĩ) trước khi rời VN
VIETNAM - APRIL 14, 1956: The last French troops of the expeditionary corps marching through the streets of Saigon before leaving. Vietnamese parachutists are next to the infantry corps and the sailors. (Photo by Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
L'adieu à Saigon :
www.saigon-vietnam.fr/adieu-saigon.php
Farewell to Saigon :
www.saigon-vietnam.fr/farewell-saigon.php
www.saigon-vietnam.fr/adieu-saigon.php
Farewell to Saigon :
www.saigon-vietnam.fr/farewell-saigon.php
Film réalisé en 1975 par l'auteur, alors pédiatre à l'Hôpital Grall de Saigon. Il tente de faire revivre les événements qui ont précédé et accompagné la fin du régime du Sud et la chute de Saigon le 30 avril 1975.Vietnam 1975. Les derniers jours de Saigon
from Jacques T.
Vietnam 1975. Les derniers jours de Saigon from Jacques T. on Vimeo.
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